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IPv4

IPv4

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    2008³â 6¿ù 24ÀÏ : óÀ½¾¸
    2008³â 9¿ù 1ÀÏ : IP header
    2010³â 8¿ù 18ÀÏ : »ç¼³IP°ü·Ã ³»¿ë Ãß°¡


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IPv4 protocol Àº 1981³â¿¡ RFC791¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ Á¤ÀǵǾú´Ù.

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  • RTT : Round-Trip Time
  • ICMP : Internet Control Message Protocol

Class ±¸ºÐ

  • A class (0.0.0.0 ~ 127.255.255.255)
    128°³ÀÇ ³×Æ®¿÷À¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¸ç °¢ ³×Æ®¿÷Àº 16,777,216°³ÀÇ ÁÖ¼Ò¸¦ °®´Â´Ù.
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
    0 NetID HostID

  • B class (128.0.0.0 ~ 191.255.255.255)
    16,384°³ÀÇ ³×Æ®¿÷À¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¸ç °¢ ³×Æ®¿÷Àº 65,536°³ÀÇ ÁÖ¼Ò¸¦ °®´Â´Ù.
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
    1 0 NetID HostID

  • C class (192.0.0.0 ~ 223.255.255.255)
    2,097,152°³ÀÇ ³×Æ®¿÷À¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¸ç °¢ ³×Æ®¿÷Àº 256°³ÀÇ ÁÖ¼Ò¸¦ °®´Â´Ù.
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
    1 1 0 NetID HostID

  • D class (224.0.0.0 ~ 239.255.255.255)
    Multicast¸¦ À§ÇÑ ÁÖ¼Ò·Î »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù.
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
    1 1 1 0 Multicast group ID

  • E class (240.0.0.0 ~ 247.255.255.255)
    ¹Ì·¡¸¦ À§ÇÏ¿© »ç¿ëÀ» º¸·ùÇÑ ¿µ¿ªÀÌ´Ù.
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
    1 1 1 1 0 Reserved for future use

»ç¼³ IP (Private IP) ´ë¿ª

IANA(Internet Assigned Numbers Authority, ±¹Á¦ ÁÖ¼Ò°ü¸® ±â±¸)´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº »ç¼³ IPÁÖ¼Ò(Private IP)¸¦ ¿¹¾àÇØ µÎ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌÀÇ »ç¿ëÀ» °­·ÂÈ÷ ±Ç°íÇÏ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
  • Class A ±Ô¸ð : 10/8(10.0.0.0¡­10.255.255.255)
  • Class B ±Ô¸ð : 172.16/12(172.16.0.0¡­172.31.255.255)
  • Class C ±Ô¸ð : 192.168/16(192.168.0.0¡­192.168.255.255)

ÀÌ ÁÖ¼ÒµéÀº Àü¼¼°è ¾îµð¿¡µµ ÇÒ´çµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â Ư¼ö¸ñÀûÀÇ IPÁÖ¼ÒÀ̹ǷÎ, ºñ·Ï ±â¾÷³»ºÎ¿¡ ÀÌ¹Ì ÇÒ´ç¹ÞÀº °øÀÎ IP ÁÖ¼Ò°¡ ÀÖ´Ù ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ ÁÖ¼Ò Ãæµ¹ÀÇ À§Ç輺Àº ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù. ´Ü, ÀÌ ±â¾÷ÀÌ ÀÎÅͳÝÀ¸·Î ´Ù¸¥ ±â¾÷°ú Åë½ÅÇÏ·Á ÇÒ ¶§´Â ÀÌ »ç¼³ IPÁÖ¼Ò¸¦ °øÀÎ(Public) IPÁÖ¼Ò·Î º¯È¯ÇÏ¿© Åë½ÅÇÏ¿©¾ß Çϸç, ƯÈ÷, Private IPÁÖ¼Ò°¡ ¿ÜºÎ·Î ¶ó¿ìÆõÇÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï Á¶½ÉÇØ¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù.

Private-to-public IPÁÖ¼Ò º¯È¯À» À§Çؼ­´Â NATs(Network Address Translators)¿Í °°Àº Gateway System(ÁÖ·Î ¹æÈ­º®Á¦Ç°¿¡¼­ »ç¿ë)À» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. Áï, ³»ºÎÀûÀ¸·Î private address¸¦ »ç¿ëÇϵµ·Ï ¼³Á¤µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â Àü»ê±â°¡ ¿ÜºÎ ÀÎÅͳݻóÀÇ Àü»ê±â¿Í Åë½ÅÇÏ·Á ÇÒ¶§´Â, ÀÌ gateway ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡¼­ private IPÁÖ¼Ò¸¦ public IPÁÖ¼Ò·Î º¯È¯ÇØ ÁÝ´Ï´Ù. À̶§ gateway ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº ÀûÁ¤ ¼ö·®ÀÇ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ public IPÁÖ¼Ò poolÀ» À¯ÁöÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇϹǷÎ, ÀÌ¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ public IPÁÖ¼Ò´Â ÀÎÅͳÝÁÖ¼ÒÇÒ´çÁ¶Á÷(Internet Registry)À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÇÒ´ç¹Þ¾Æ¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù.

ÀÌ private ÁÖ¼Ò »ç¿ë¿¡ À־ÀÇ ÀåÁ¡Àº KRNIC, ISPµî ´©±¸¿¡°Ôµµ ÁÖ¼Ò°ø°£ ÇÒ´ç ½ÅûÀ» ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ½À¸·Î¼­, ±î´Ù·Î¿î ½É»çÀýÂ÷ ¸¦ °ÅÄ¡Áö ¾Ê¾Æµµ µË´Ï´Ù. Áï, ±â¾÷³»ºÎÀÇ ¸ðµç host¼ö¸¦ Á¶»çÇÏ°í, CIDR/VLSMÀ» Àû¿ëÇÑ ¼¼¹ÐÇÑ networking planÀ» ¼¼¿ì°í, »ó´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ´Ù·ç±â ¾î·Á¿î OSPF°°Àº ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÏ´Â µîÀÇ ºÒÆíÀÌ µû¸£Áö ¾Ê°Ô µË´Ï´Ù.

Á¶Á÷³»ºÎ IPÁÖ¼Ò°ø°£ °ü¸® ÆíÀǸ¦ À§ÇØ, ÇÊ¿äÀÌ»óÀ¸·Î ÃæºÐÈ÷ ³Ë³ËÇÑ ÁÖ¼Ò°ø°£À» ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. Áï, 5°³ÀÇ host°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ subnet¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­µµ ¹Ì·¡¸¦ ´ëºñÇÏ¿© /24¸¦ ÇÒ´çÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ¼ö½Ã·Î º¯ÇÏ´Â Á¶Á÷º¯µ¿, Àü»ê±âµéÀÇ À̵¿, Àç¹èÄ¡ µîµî¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­µµ º°·Î °ÆÁ¤ÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä·Î ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù. Private IPÁÖ¼Ò¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ°Ô µÇ°í, ÁÖ·Î NATs ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ ¹æÈ­º®±â´ÉÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î, »ó´ëÀûÀ¸·Î º¸¾È¼ºÀÌ °­È­µË´Ï´Ù.

±×·¯³ª, Àü¼¼°è ÀÎÅͳݵµ¸ÞÀÎÀ̸§ ½Ã½ºÅÛ°ú ¿¬°áµÇ´Â external¿ë°ú ±â¾÷ ³»ºÎ¿ëÀÇ internal Domain Name server¸¦ ¿î¿µÇØ¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀ̸ç, ¿ÜºÎ °ø°³¿ëÀ¸·Î ¹Ýµå½Ã public IPÁÖ¼Ò°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ½Ã½ºÅÛ°ú ±×·¸Áö ¾ÊÀº ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ¸·Î ±¸ºÐÇÏ¿©, ¿ÜºÎ °ø°³¿ë ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡´Â public IP ÁÖ¼Ò¸¦ staticÇÏ°Ô ÁöÁ¤ÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ÃÖ±Ù private IPÁÖ¼Ò¸¦ È°¿ëÇÏ´Â ¶ó¿ìÅÍ, ½Ã½ºÅÛ µîÀÌ ¸¹ÀÌ Ãâ½ÃµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â Ãß¼¼À̹ǷÎ, ÀÌÀÇ »ç¿ëÀ» Àû±Ø ±ÇÀåÇÑ´Ù. º¸´Ù ÀÚ¼¼ÇÑ ³»¿ëÀº RFC1597À» ÂüÁ¶ÇÒ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.

IP (Internet Protocol) header

  • IP datagramÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº Çü½ÄÀ» °¡Áø´Ù.
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Description
    4bit Version 4bit Header length / 4 8bit Type of service (TOS) 16bit Total length (in bytes) 20 bytes 20~60 bytes
    16-bit Identification 3-bit Flags 13bit Fragment offset
    8bit Time to live (TTL) 8bit Protocol 16bit Header checksum
    32bit Ãâ¹ßÁö IP ÁÖ¼Ò
    32bit ¸ñÀûÁö IP ÁÖ¼Ò
    Options (if any) 0~40 bytes
    Data Total length - Header length
    • 4-bit Header length´Â 4ÀÇ ¹è¼ö·Î Çؼ®ÇÑ´Ù. Áï, 1ÀÌ 4¹ÙÀÌÆ®¸¦ ¶æÇÑ´Ù. ÃÖ´ë 4-bit·Î 15±îÁö °ªÀ» ÁöÁ¤ÇÒ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î 15x4=60 bytes°¡ ÃÖ´ë°ªÀÌ°í ÀÌ°ÍÀº "Options (if any)" °¡ 60-20=40 bytes¸¦ ³ÑÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù´Â ÀǹÌÀ̱⵵ ÇÏ´Ù.
    • 8-bit Protocol Ç׸ñ¿¡´Â ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ °ªµéÀ» »ç¿ëÇÒ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. (Âü°í: [http]http://www.iana.org/assignments/protocol-numbers[])
      Decimal Keyword Protocol References
      0 HOPOPT IPv6 Hop-by-Hop Option (RFC1883)
      1 ICMP Internet Control Message (RFC792)
      2 IGMP Internet Group Management (RFC1112)
      3 GGP Gateway-to-Gateway (RFC823)
      4 IP IP in IP (encapsulation) (RFC2003)
      5 ST Stream (RFC1190)(RFC1819)
      6 TCP Transmission Control (RFC793)
      7 CBT CBT (Ballardie)
      8 EGP Exterior Gateway Protocol (RFC888)(DLM1)
      9 IGP any private interior gateway (used by Cisco for their IGRP) (IANA)
      10 BBN-RCC-MON BBN RCC Monitoring (SGC)
      11 NVP-II Network Voice Protocol (RFC741)(SC3)
      12 PUP PUP (PUP)(XEROX)
      13 ARGUS ARGUS (RWS4)
      14 EMCON EMCON (BN7)
      15 XNET Cross Net Debugger (IEN158)(JFH2)
      16 CHAOS Chaos (NC3)
      17 UDP User Datagram (RFC768)(JBP)
      18 MUX Multiplexing (IEN90)(JBP)
      19 DCN-MEAS DCN Measurement Subsystems (DLM1)
      20 HMP Host Monitoring (RFC869)(RH6)
      21 PRM Packet Radio Measurement (ZSU)
      22 XNS-IDP XEROX NS IDP (ETHERNET)(XEROX)
      23 TRUNK-1 Trunk-1 (BWB6)
      24 TRUNK-2 Trunk-2 (BWB6)
      25 LEAF-1 Leaf-1 (BWB6)
      26 LEAF-2 Leaf-2 (BWB6)
      27 RDP Reliable Data Protocol (RFC908)(RH6)
      28 IRTP Internet Reliable Transaction (RFC938)(TXM)
      29 ISO-TP4 ISO Transport Protocol Class 4 (RFC905)(RC77)
      30 NETBLT Bulk Data Transfer Protocol (RFC969)(DDC1)
      31 MFE-NSP MFE Network Services Protocol (MFENET)(BCH2)
      32 MERIT-INP MERIT Internodal Protocol (HWB)
      33 DCCP Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (RFC4340)
      34 3PC Third Party Connect Protocol (SAF3)
      35 IDPR Inter-Domain Policy Routing Protocol (MXS1)
      36 XTP XTP (GXC)
      37 DDP Datagram Delivery Protocol (WXC)
      38 IDPR-CMTP IDPR Control Message Transport Proto (MXS1)
      39 TP++ TP++ Transport Protocol (DXF)
      40 IL IL Transport Protocol (Presotto)
      41 IPv6 Ipv6 (Deering)
      42 SDRP Source Demand Routing Protocol (DXE1)
      43 IPv6-Route Routing Header for IPv6 (Deering)
      44 IPv6-Frag Fragment Header for IPv6 (Deering)
      45 IDRP Inter-Domain Routing Protocol (Hares)
      46 RSVP Reservation Protocol (Braden)
      47 GRE General Routing Encapsulation (Li)
      48 DSR Dynamic Source Routing Protocol (RFC4728)
      49 BNA BNA (Salamon)
      50 ESP Encap Security Payload (RFC2406)
      51 AH Authentication Header (RFC2402)
      52 I-NLSP Integrated Net Layer Security TUBA (GLENN)
      53 SWIPE IP with Encryption (JI6)
      54 NARP NBMA Address Resolution Protocol (RFC1735)
      55 MOBILE IP Mobility (Perkins)
      56 TLSP Transport Layer Security Protocol using Kryptonet key management (Oberg)
      57 SKIP SKIP (Markson)
      58 IPv6-ICMP ICMP for IPv6 (RFC1883)
      59 IPv6-NoNxt No Next Header for IPv6 (RFC1883)
      60 IPv6-Opts Destination Options for IPv6 (RFC1883)
      61 any host internal protocol (IANA)
      62 CFTP CFTP (CFTP)(HCF2)
      63 any local network (IANA)
      64 SAT-EXPAK SATNET and Backroom EXPAK (SHB)
      65 KRYPTOLAN Kryptolan (PXL1)
      66 RVD MIT Remote Virtual Disk Protocol (MBG)
      67 IPPC Internet Pluribus Packet Core (SHB)
      68 any distributed file system (IANA)
      69 SAT-MON SATNET Monitoring (SHB)
      70 VISA VISA Protocol (GXT1)
      71 IPCV Internet Packet Core Utility (SHB)
      72 CPNX Computer Protocol Network Executive (DXM2)
      73 CPHB Computer Protocol Heart Beat (DXM2)
      74 WSN Wang Span Network (VXD)
      75 PVP Packet Video Protocol (SC3)
      76 BR-SAT-MON Backroom SATNET Monitoring (SHB)
      77 SUN-ND SUN ND PROTOCOL-Temporary (WM3)
      78 WB-MON WIDEBAND Monitoring (SHB)
      79 WB-EXPAK WIDEBAND EXPAK (SHB)
      80 ISO-IP ISO Internet Protocol (MTR)
      81 VMTP VMTP (DRC3)
      82 SECURE-VMTP SECURE-VMTP (DRC3)
      83 VINES VINES (BXH)
      84 TTP TTP (JXS)
      85 NSFNET-IGP NSFNET-IGP (HWB)
      86 DGP Dissimilar Gateway Protocol (DGP)(ML109)
      87 TCF TCF (GAL5)
      88 EIGRP EIGRP (CISCO)(GXS)
      89 OSPFIGP OSPFIGP (RFC1583)(JTM4)
      90 Sprite-RPC Sprite RPC Protocol (SPRITE)(BXW)
      91 LARP Locus Address Resolution Protocol (BXH)
      92 MTP Multicast Transport Protocol (SXA)
      93 AX.25 AX.25 Frames (BK29)
      94 IPIP IP-within-IP Encapsulation Protocol (JI6)
      95 MICP Mobile Internetworking Control Pro. (JI6)
      96 SCC-SP Semaphore Communications Sec. Pro. (HXH)
      97 ETHERIP Ethernet-within-IP Encapsulation (RFC3378)
      98 ENCAP Encapsulation Header (RFC1241,RXB3)
      99 any private encryption scheme (IANA)
      100 GMTP GMTP (RXB5)
      101 IFMP Ipsilon Flow Management Protocol (Hinden)
      102 PNNI PNNI over IP (Callon)
      103 PIM Protocol Independent Multicast (Farinacci)
      104 ARIS ARIS (Feldman)
      105 SCPS SCPS (Durst)
      106 QNX QNX (Hunter)
      107 A/N Active Networks (Braden)
      108 IPComp IP Payload Compression Protocol (RFC2393)
      109 SNP Sitara Networks Protocol (Sridhar)
      110 Compaq-Peer Compaq Peer Protocol (Volpe)
      111 IPX-in-IP IPX in IP (Lee)
      112 VRRP Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (RFC3768)
      113 PGM PGM Reliable Transport Protocol (Speakman)
      114 any 0-hop protocol (IANA)
      115 L2TP Layer Two Tunneling Protocol (Aboba)
      116 DDX D-II Data Exchange (DDX) (Worley)
      117 IATP Interactive Agent Transfer Protocol (Murphy)
      118 STP Schedule Transfer Protocol (JMP)
      119 SRP SpectraLink Radio Protocol (Hamilton)
      120 UTI UTI (Lothberg)
      121 SMP Simple Message Protocol (Ekblad)
      122 SM SM (Crowcroft)
      123 PTP Performance Transparency Protocol (Welzl)
      124 ISIS over IPv4 (Przygienda)
      125 FIRE (Partridge)
      126 CRTP Combat Radio Transport Protocol (Sautter)
      127 CRUDP Combat Radio User Datagram (Sautter)
      128 SSCOPMCE (Waber)
      129 IPLT (Hollbach)
      130 SPS Secure Packet Shield (McIntosh)
      131 PIPE Private IP Encapsulation within IP (Petri)
      132 SCTP Stream Control Transmission Protocol (Stewart)
      133 FC Fibre Channel (Rajagopal)
      134 RSVP-E2E-IGNORE (RFC3175)
      135 Mobility Header (RFC3775)
      136 UDPLite (RFC3828)
      137 MPLS-in-IP (RFC4023)
      138 manet MANET Protocols (RFC-ietf-manet-iana-07.txt)
      139 HIP Host Identity Protocol (RFC5201)
      140~252 Unassigned (IANA)
      253 Use for experimentation and testing (RFC3692)
      254 Use for experimentation and testing (RFC3692)
      255 Reserved (IANA)
    • Options Ç׸ñÀº 32bit·Î Á¤·ÄµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

  • Type of service (TOS) : °¢ ÀÀ¿ëÀÇ Á¾·ù¿¡ µû¶ó ±ÇÀåµÇ´Â °ªÀº ¾Æ·¡¿Í °°´Ù.
    Application Minimize delay Maximize throughput Maximize reliability Minimize monetary cost Hex value
    Telnet/Rlogin 1 0 0 0 10H
    FTP control 1 0 0 0 10H
    FTP data 0 1 0 0 08H
    any bulk data 0 1 0 0 08H
    TFTP 1 0 0 0 10H
    SMTP command phase 1 0 0 0 10H
    SMTP data phase 0 1 0 0 08H
    DNS UDP query 1 0 0 0 10H
    DNS TCP query 0 0 0 0 00H
    DNS zone transfer 0 1 0 0 08H
    ICMP error 0 0 0 0 00H
    ICMP query 0 0 0 0 00H
    any IGP 0 0 1 0 04H
    SNMP 0 0 1 0 04H
    BOOTP 0 0 0 0 00H
    NNTP 0 0 0 1 02H

2008³â 9¿ù 1ÀÏ ÇöÀç IANA protocol-numbers

IANA protocol-numbers ¸¦ º¸½Ã·Á¸é ¿©±â¸¦ Ŭ¸¯ÇØÁÖ¼¼¿ä.


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